Nepal’s Election Commission published their electoral code of conduct in 2015, which established standards and regulations for various institutions, persons, bodies and authorities. The code includes language for the mass media in preventing the publication, broadcast, or dissemination of “baseless information in favor of or against candidate or political party on electronically used social networks such as S.M.S., Facebook, Twitter and Viber”. Clauses such as these work to ban deliberate sharing of fake news during Nepal’s election period. 

The purpose of the “Ethical Principles of Candidates of 28 October 2018 Presidential Elections” was to establish guidelines for presidential candidates during their election campaigns. The Central Election Commission and candidates agreed to broad disinformation guidance through the clauses such as:

• “abstain from the dissemination of false information with prior knowledge”
• “refuse to use any hate speech or statements that involved xenophobia or intimidation.” 

Domestic and foreign disinformation narratives are deepening public disillusion over Serbia’s complex democratic transition process and its prospects for European integration. In this vein, the National Democratic Institute’s (NDI) public opinion research in Serbia in 2018 highlighted the importance of “microenvironments”—local communities—as consequential to how citizens process information on public affairs, including disinformation narratives, which are primarily received through mainstream broadcast media.